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According to Allen Holub, the main problem with implementation inheritance is that it introduces unnecessary coupling in the form of the "fragile base class problem":cite-ref-mikhajlov-7-1[6] modifications to the base class implementation can cause inadvertent behavioral changes in subclasses. Using interfaces avoids this problem because no implementation is shared, only the API.cite-ref-holub-20-1[19] Another way of stating this is that "inheritance breaks encapsulation".cite-ref-21[20] The problem surfaces clearly in open object-oriented systems such as frameworks, where client code is expected to inherit from system-supplied classes and then substituted for the system's classes in its algorithms.cite-ref-mikhajlov-7-2[6]

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